Pain and Stress in a Systems Perspective: Reciprocal Neural, Endocrine, and Immune Interactions
By C. Richard Chapman, Robert P. Tuckett, and Chul-Hwa Song
24 pagesAcute tissue injury activates an ensemble of interdependent nervous, endocrine, and immune processes that operate in concert and comprise a supersystem. Some chronic pain conditions result from supersystem dysregulation. Individuals vary and are vulnerable to dysregulation due to the unique interactions of genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors and past experiences that characterize each person.